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The purpose of this paper is to track the maximal power of wind energy conversion system (WECS) and enhance the search capability for WECS maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

The hybrid technique is the combination of tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA) and radial basis function neural network.

TSA gets input parameters from the rectifier outputs such as rectifier direct current (DC) voltage, DC current and time. From the input parameters, it enhances the reduced fault power of rectifier and generates training data set based on the MPPT conditions. The training data set is used in radial basis function. During the execution time, it produces the rectifier reference DC side voltage that is converted to control pulses of inverter switches.

Finally, the proposed method is executed in MATLAB/Simulink site, and the performance is compared with different existing methods like particle swarm optimization algorithm and hill climb searching technique. Then the output illustrates the performance of the proposed method and confirms its capability to solve issues.

The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into learners’ behavioural intention to use the video lectures as their learning material. The behavioural intention construct is measured in terms of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of video lectures. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide feedback as to learners’ intention to use as well as guidelines on how to improve the development of video lectures as the university gears to offer more courses in the fully online mode in the near future.

A total sample of 392 questionnaires were collected for this study using technology acceptance model model. Descriptive and inferential statistics are used as the main analytical tool to study the learners’ behavioural intention to use the video lectures as their learning material. The behavioural intention construct is measured in terms of two dimensions: perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of video lectures.

In conclusion, the findings from this research study seem to suggest that OUM learners have a positive perception of video lectures with reference to the two dimensions of “ease of use” and “usefulness”, where ease of use is concerned, OUM learners rate content relevancy, appropriate language and viewing flexibility as the strongest points of video lectures. The aspects ranked lowest are technical (ability to play the video lecture smoothly from the beginning to the end) as well as objective of usage (video lectures are not rated high as revision material for exam preparation).

Future studies can be conducted pertaining to issues on the context in which learning is taking place within higher education, various definitions of video, and ways of categorising and presenting these different types, teaching “with” and “through” video from the perspective of the lecturer and the educational institution, approaches to didactically embedding and integrating video into a course that results in effective learning and the process and support needed by the (traditional) lecturer to create and deploy various types of video content.

Over the last ten years, the production of video has gone from a complicated and technical process to one easily done by the general masses. It is now possible for anyone with a mobile phone to make a video recording. The question lies on whether the students have deeper meaning of learning via video lectures and the perception of students on using video lecture as teaching tool in the open and distance learning.

This study aims to evaluate the direct trust value for each node and calculate the trust value of all nodes satisfying the condition and update the trust value and value each trust update interval for a secure and efficient communication between sender and destination node. Hence, a Trusted Secure Geographic Routing Protocol (TSGRP) has been proposed for detecting attackers (presence of the hacker), considering the trust value for a node produced by combining the location trusted information and the direct trusted information.

Amelioration in the research studies related to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks has shown greater concern in the presence of malicious nodes, due to which the delivery percentage in any given network can degrade to a larger extent, and hence make the network less reliable and more vulnerable to security.

TSGRP has outperformed the conventional protocols for detecting attacks in MANET. TSGRP is establishing a trust-based secure communication between the sender and destination node. The evaluated direct trust value is used after the transmission of route-request and route-reply packets, to evaluate the direct trust value of each node and a secure path is established between the sender and the destination node. The effectiveness of the proposed TSGRP is evaluated through NS-2 simulation.

The simulation results show the delay of the proposed method is 92% less than PRISM approach and the overhead of the proposed TSGRP approach is 61% less than PRISM approach.

This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers using inkjet printing technology. 4D printing refers to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of smart materials capable of shape change or function modification with respect to time when activated by external stimuli. Inkjet printing has gained popularity because of the technical advantages such as non-contact deposition, multi-material printing, high resolution, high speed of printing and minimal post processing. This review will serve as a platform for understanding the inkjet 4D printing process and the shape memory capability of the polymer structures printed using inkjet printing.

The approach used in this review was to search for and review research works related to inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers. The search period was limited for the duration 2013 to 2021 as the 4D printing technology came into light later in 2013. With the review of inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers, the shape memory capability of the inkjet-printed structures were also studied.

With the available research documents, it was found that the inkjet 4D printing technology gained momentum from 2016, three years after the introduction of the 4D printing technology. The key findings of this review show that inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers were primarily performed using commercial inkjet printers and polymer inks linked to the printers. Even though the inkjet printing technology is matured enough to print multiple materials, development of shape memory polymer inks for inkjet printability remains complex. To realize the full potential of inkjet 4D printing, novel polymer inks specific for inkjet printing needs development.

The major limitation to this review was the availability of research papers for review. Even though inkjet printing technology has grown to popularity in the graphics printing and publishing industry since its inception in the 19th century, the technology still needs to evolve in the printing of 3D structures due to the limitations in synthesizing inks that are inkjet printable. However, this research will serve as a platform for understating the current status of inkjet 4D printing and the limitations of the technology.

This review focuses only on the inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers among the generally summarized 4D printing review papers available. Currently, 4D printing of shape memory polymers is carried out using only the commercially available polymer printers. Also, researchers do not have the flexibility of modifying the polymer inks linked to the printers. This review can spur more research into the development of novel polymer inks specific for inkjet printing.

To enhance the performance transmit antenna selection (TAS) of spatial modulation (SM), systems technique needs to be essential. This TAS is an effective technique for reducing the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems computational difficulty, and bit error rate (BER) can increase remarkably by various TAS algorithms. But these selection methods cannot provide code gain, so it is essential to join the TAS with external code to obtain cy -ode gain advantages in BER.

In this paper, Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH)-Turbo code TC is combined with the orthogonal space time block code system.

In some existing work, the improved BER has been perceived by joining forward error correction code and space time block code (STBC) for MIMO systems provided greater code gain. The proposed work can provide increasing code gain and the effective advantages of the TAS-OSTBC system.

To perform the system analysis, Rayleigh channel is used. In the case with multiple TAS-OSTBC systems, better performance can provide by this new joint of the BCH-Turbo compared to the conventional Turbo code for the Rayleigh fading.

This paper aims to propose, the multi-objective method for optimal planning and operation of distributed generators (DGs) on distribution system (DS) using hybrid technique is proposed.

The proposed hybrid technique denotes hybrid wrapper of black widow optimization algorithm (BWOA) and bear smell search algorithm (BSSA). BWOA accelerates the convergence speed with combination of the search strategy of BSSA; hence, it is named as improved black widow-bear smell search algorithm (IBWBSA) technique.

The multiple-objective operation denotes reducing generation cost, power loss, voltage deviation with optimally planning and operating the DS. For setting up the DG units on DS, IBWBSA technique is equipped to simultaneously reconfigure and find the optimal areas.

In this planning model, the constraints are power balance, obvious power flow limit, bus voltage, distribution substation’s capacity and cost. Then, proposed multiple-objective hybrid method to plan electrical distribution scheme is executed in the MATLAB/Simulink work site.

The purpose of the paper is to develop a simple, efficient and robust power flow (PF) method for ill-conditioned distribution networks (DNs).

It first formulates the PF problem as an optimization problem of minimizing the node power mismatches, while treating the corrections of node voltages as problem variables and then uses soccer game optimization (SGO), an artificial intelligent algorithm simulating the behavior of soccer game players in scoring goals, in solving the formulated PF problem.

It studies the performances of the developed method on four standard test DNs and exhibits that the method is superior in respect of accuracy, robustness and computational speed than those of existing methods.

It suggests a novel and new PF method using SGO and portrays that the proposed method is as accurate as any other PF method, robust like non-Newton type of PF methods and faster than Newton type of PF methods.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a digital replica of an artefact which is updated on real-time or semi–real-time basis. In 2017, Gartner listed DT as one of the top 10 emerging technologies of the year. Since then, there have been numerous attempts to develop architecture and reference models for DTs, and in some studies, DT construction for real-world case studies is reported. This chapter attempts to provide a contextualised background on DT for smart cities. It also discusses various stakeholders involved in devising and/or employing DTs in a smart city. The chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for the training requirements of final DT users.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the mediating role of demonetisation in the usage of IT-enabled banking services (ITeBS). The study extends the theory of technology readiness (TR) (Parasuraman and Colby, 2015) by incorporating the behavioural intention and actual usage of ITeBS.

Based on the theory of TR and encompassing the impact of demonetisation, the study examines the functional relationship of TR, behavioural intention and actual usage. Structural equation modelling and mediation analysis are applied on a data set of 474 usable responses.

The study confirms that TR is a significant factor in customer’s intention to use ITeBS. The demonetisation variable fully mediates the relationship model, which implies a significant finding in the consumer acceptance literature.

The result of this study proposes three major implications. Primarily, the banks should focus on providing simple and user-friendly ITeBS interface and its uninterrupted access. It is necessary to educate the customers by giving them a trial of the service. Furthermore, social media platforms may be utilised as an effective and efficient tool to resolve customer complaints.

This study is first of the attempts to investigate government’s digital push in the technology adoption literature. The results indicate significant influence of demonetisation on the usage of ITeBS.

This paper aims to propose a machine learning approach-based power theft detection using Garra Rufa Fish (GRF) optimization. Here, the analyzing of power theft is an important part to reduce the financial loss and protect the electricity from fraudulent users.

In this section, a new method is implemented to reduce the power theft in transmission lines and utility grids. The detection of power theft using smart meter with reliable manner can be achieved by the help of GRF algorithm.

The loss of power due to non-technical loss is small by using this proposed algorithm. It provides some benefits like increased predicting capacity, less complexity, high speed and high reliable output. The result is analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink platform. The result is compared with an existing method. According to the comparison result, the proposed method provides the good performance than existing method.

The proposed method gives good results of comparison than those of the other techniques and has an ability to overcome the associated problems.